Temporal genetic structuring of a specialist parasitoid,Lysiphlebus hirticornis Mackauer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking a specialist aphid on tansy

In insect species characterized by inbreeding, limited dispersal, and a metapopulation structure, high genetic differentiation and reduced genetic diversity within local populations are expected. Using the model system Lysiphlebus hirticornis Mackauer, a specialist parasitoid of the tansy aphid, Metopeurum fuscoviride Stroyan (Hemiptera: Aphididae), we examined within‐site temporal population dynamics and genetics, including molecular variation at the tansy plant level. Aphid‐parasitoid dynamics were surveyed and parasitoids sampled from 72 tansy plants at 11 sites in and around Jena, Germany, over one growing season. Thereafter, parasitoid samples were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Colonization, extinction, and recolonization events occurred during the season. Allele numbers and identities were highly variable over time. When samples from all sites were pooled, allele number over all loci showed a decreasing trend with time. At the level of sites, temporal changes in genetic diversity were more variable. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that samples at the plant level explained the highest variance compared to at site level. We conclude that the genetic structuring of this insect is very fine grained (i.e. at the tansy plant level) and the temporal genetic diversity is explained by a combination of extinction and recolonization events, as well as inbreeding. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 737–749.     

High gene flow and metapopulation dynamics detected for three species in a dryland river system

1. The highly variable hydrology of dryland rivers has important implications for population dynamics in these systems. In western Queensland, fluctuations in sub‐population size are likely to lead to local bottlenecks and extinctions, increasing the need for connectivity and gene flow to maintain population viability. 2. Using microsatellite markers, we explored evidence for this metapopulation structure in two species of freshwater fish (Maquaria ambigua and Tandanus tandanus) and one crustacean (Macrobrachium australiense) in a sub‐catchment of the upper Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. 3. Overall, we found very weak genetic structure for all three species. Two species (M. ambigua and M. australiense) showed some significant genetic structure that did not correlate with geographic distance. However, decomposed pairwise regression analysis revealed evidence for intense genetic drift at the waterhole scale, suggesting that local bottlenecks are driving what little genetic structure does exist for these species. 4. The results identify the local impact of bottlenecks on genetic diversity, but highlight the importance of gene flow in maintaining population viability in these highly variable systems. As the impacts of bottlenecks are likely to be tempered by gene flow, it is suggested that the maintenance of connectivity is of paramount importance in this dryland system.     

Diarthrodella chilensis sp.n. und Rossopsyllus kerguelenensis quellonensis subsp.n. (Copepoda, Paramesochridae) von Chile

During a collecting trip to Chile, two species of Paramesochridae belonging to the genera Diarthrodella and Rossopsyllus were found. The new species D. chilensis is widely distributed on the coasts of central Chile. Up to now, the new subspecies R. kerguelenensis quellonensis is only known from Quellón, Island of Chiloé. The nominate subspecies R. kerguelenensis kerguelenensis Soyer, 1974 was described from the Kerguelen Archipelago.     

Central Mechanisms of Frog Galling

The central mechanisms of release calling and mating callingin the Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens) and thegreen tree frog (Hyla cinerea) are discussed. The region ofthe ventral magnoceHifl-ar preoptic nucleus is essential formiating calling. This area probably contains androgen receptorsthat project to, and activate, more posterior calling mechanisms.The region of the main sensory nucleus V is involved, in a mannernot yet clearly understood, in calling. Perhaps this area servesas a sensory correlation center that receives and analyzes avariety of sensory inputs, determines what type of call constitutesan appropriate response, and then excites the calling circuitsat more posterior levels. The region of the hypoglossal andvagus motor nuclei is essential for release calling. This areaprobably serves as a motor coordination center that organizesthe motor patterns of calling.     

Climate-induced changes in high elevation stream nitrate dynamics

Mountain terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are responsive to external drivers of change, especially climate change and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N). We explored the consequences of a temperature-warming trend on stream nitrate in an alpine and subalpine watershed in the Colorado Front Range that has long been the recipient of elevated atmospheric N deposition. Mean annual stream nitrate concentrations since 2000 are higher by 50% than an earlier monitoring period of 1991–1999. Mean annual N export increased by 28% from 2.03 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ before 2000 to 2.84 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in Loch Vale watershed since 2000. The substantial increase in N export comes as a surprise, since mean wet atmospheric N deposition from 1991 to 2006 (3.06 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) did not increase. There has been a period of below average precipitation from 2000 to 2006 and a steady increase in summer and fall temperatures of 0.12 °C yr⁻¹ in both seasons since 1991. Nitrate concentrations, as well as the weathering products calcium and sulfate, were higher for the period 2000–2006 in rock glacier meltwater at the top of the watershed above the influence of alpine and subalpine vegetation and soils. We conclude the observed recent N increases in Loch Vale are the result of warmer summer and fall mean temperatures that are melting ice in glaciers and rock glaciers. This, in turn, has exposed sediments from which N produced by nitrification can be flushed. We suggest a water quality threshold may have been crossed around 2000. The phenomenon observed in Loch Vale may be indicative of N release from ice features such as rock glaciers worldwide as mountain glaciers retreat.     

Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)

To study the population genetics as well as the mating system of captive zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) populations, we developed primers for 12 microsatellite loci and screened them in 529 individuals from two successive generations of a single captive population. All markers were polymorphic with five to 14 alleles per locus. We checked all markers for Mendelian inheritance in 307 offspring whose parents were known for sure. Four markers showed evidence for the presence of null alleles. Once allowing for null alleles, we found no mismatches between offspring and parents, suggesting a very low rate of mutation. Average observed and expected heterozygosities across the eight loci showing no evidence for null‐alleles was 0.819 and 0.812, respectively.